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Introduction to Python course manual

Here are the chapters included in this course manual (we use exactly the same manuals for our classroom and online Python courses).

Click here to download a sample of the first two chapters of this Introduction to Python manual, or review how to license our courseware.

Chapter 1 - GETTING STARTED▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
1.1	Introducing Python	Installing Python	7
1.2	Choosing an Editor	Choices of Editor	8
1.3	Using IDLE	Running Single Commands (Interactive Mode) Colour-Coding / Case Sensitivity Creating, Saving and Running Programs	8

Chapter 2 - BASIC CODING▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
2.1	Comments	Single-line Comments Multi-line Comments Commenting Out Lines (and Uncommenting)	11
2.2	Variables	Declaring Variables Variable Types Determining Type Assigning Values to Variables Deleting Variables	11
2.3	Rules of Arithmetic		15
2.4	Basic Strings	New Lines and Tabs Quotation Marks Backslash Characters Concatenating Text Converting Numbers to Text Getting Inputs from Users	16
2.5	Testing Conditions	Simple Conditions Multiple Conditions Testing for Equality Combining and Negating Conditions	18

Chapter 3 - VISUAL STUDIO CODE▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
3.1	Installing Visual Studio Code		20
3.2	The Visual Studio Code Window	The Activity Bar Changing your Theme	21
3.3	Installing Extensions	Installing Extensions (using Python as an Example)	22
3.4	Using Terminal Window	Viewing Terminal Windows Interactive Python Sessions	23
3.5	Configuring VS Code Settings	Changing Settings using The Command Palette Changing Settings using the Menu Using Settings (JSON) Automatically Showing Default Settings Copying Default Settings to Customise Them Typical Default Settings	24
3.6	Other Useful VS Code Tips	Commenting and Uncommenting Code Using Multiple Insertion Points Global Changes using Multiple Insertion Points Entering and Leaving Zen Mode Expanding and Collapsing Code Restoring Default Zoom	27

Chapter 4 - WRITING AND RUNNING PROGRAMS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
4.1	Files and Folders	Opening a Folder Creating Python Files	30
4.2	Running Programs	Clearing the Terminal Window Three Ways to Run a Program	31
4.3	Basic Debugging	Setting and Unsetting Breakpoints Debugging	32
4.4	Terminal Input (Revisited)		33
4.5	The Code Runner Extension	Installing the Extension Running Programs Changing the Run Key Combination Customising Code Runner	34

Chapter 5 - VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
5.1	What Virtual Environments Are		37
5.2	Creating a Virtual Environment	Creating and Opening a Folder Creating a Virtual Environment Structure of a Virtual Environment Activating a Virtual Environment Selecting an Interpreter	38

Chapter 6 - IMPORTING MODULES▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
6.1	Importing Modules	Importing a Module Giving Modules Aliases Importing Specific Functions Importing Functions and Using Aliases	42
6.2	Some Useful Built-In Modules		44
6.3	Using External Modules	Installing a Module Using Installed Modules Module Not Found Error Listing External Modules Viewing External Modules	45

Chapter 7 - FORMATTING TEXT AND NUMBERS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
7.1	Basic Ways to Format Output	Using the F Prefix Using the Format Function Placeholder Order can Vary or be Omitted	48
7.2	Formatting Numbers		50

Chapter 8 - RANGES AND LOOPS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
8.1	While Loops	Syntax of the While Command Example of a While Loop Using Else with While	51
8.2	Break, Continue and Pass		53
8.3	For Loops		54
8.4	Ranges		55

Chapter 9 - DEBUGGING▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
9.1	Overview		56
9.2	Preparing to Debug	Step 1 – Creating a Configuration File Step 2 - Setting a Breakpoint Step 3 – Turning off the JustMyCode Flag	57
9.3	Debugging		59
9.4	Viewing and/or Changing Variable Values	The Variables Pane Watching Variables and Expressions The Debug Console	60
9.5	Breakpoints	Conditional Breakpoints Disabling Breakpoints Deleting Breakpoints Removing or Disabling All Breakpoints	62
9.6	Debugging Function Calls	Stepping Into, Over and Out of Functions The Call Stack Function Breakpoints	64
9.7	Logging Breakpoints		66

Chapter 10 - SEQUENCES▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
10.1	Introduction to Sequences	Main Types of Sequences in Python Main Types of Sequences in Python Reminder of Iterating Over Sequences Reminder of Iterating Over Sequences	67
10.1	Introduction to Sequences	Main Types of Sequences in Python Main Types of Sequences in Python Reminder of Iterating Over Sequences Reminder of Iterating Over Sequences	67
10.2	Tuples versus Lists	Mutability (Lists versus Tuples) Mutability (Lists versus Tuples)	68
10.2	Tuples versus Lists	Mutability (Lists versus Tuples) Mutability (Lists versus Tuples)	68
10.3	Slicing Sequences	Examples of Slicing for Lists Examples of Slicing for Lists Examples of Slicing for Ranges Examples of Slicing for Ranges Examples of Slicing for Strings Examples of Slicing for Strings Missing Items when Slicing (Step Values) Missing Items when Slicing (Step Values)	69
10.3	Slicing Sequences	Examples of Slicing for Lists Examples of Slicing for Lists Examples of Slicing for Ranges Examples of Slicing for Ranges Examples of Slicing for Strings Examples of Slicing for Strings Missing Items when Slicing (Step Values) Missing Items when Slicing (Step Values)	69
10.4	Joining and Splitting Sequences	Joining Sequences Together Joining Sequences Together Concatenating Sequence Members Concatenating Sequence Members Splitting Strings to Generate Sequences Splitting Strings to Generate Sequences Splitting a String into Before and After Text Splitting a String into Before and After Text	72
10.4	Joining and Splitting Sequences	Joining Sequences Together Joining Sequences Together Concatenating Sequence Members Concatenating Sequence Members Splitting Strings to Generate Sequences Splitting Strings to Generate Sequences Splitting a String into Before and After Text Splitting a String into Before and After Text	72
10.5	Unpacking Sequences		74
10.5	Unpacking Sequences		74
10.6	Working with Sequences	Getting the Length of a Sequence Getting the Length of a Sequence Getting the Number of Items of a Specific Value Getting the Number of Items of a Specific Value Aggregating a Sequence’s Items Aggregating a Sequence’s Items Getting the Index Number of an Item Getting the Index Number of an Item Returning Sequence Index Numbers and Values Returning Sequence Index Numbers and Values Mixing Data Types Mixing Data Types	75
10.6	Working with Sequences	Getting the Length of a Sequence Getting the Length of a Sequence Getting the Number of Items of a Specific Value Getting the Number of Items of a Specific Value Aggregating a Sequence’s Items Aggregating a Sequence’s Items Getting the Index Number of an Item Getting the Index Number of an Item Returning Sequence Index Numbers and Values Returning Sequence Index Numbers and Values Mixing Data Types Mixing Data Types	75
10.7	Examples of Sequences	Listing the Files in a Folder (ListDir) Listing the Files in a Folder (ListDir) Listing the Files in a Folder using Glob Listing the Files in a Folder using Glob Dividing Text into Lists of Words or Phrases Dividing Text into Lists of Words or Phrases A Tuple Listing Built-In Module Names A Tuple Listing Built-In Module Names Scraping Websites for Links Scraping Websites for Links	78
10.7	Examples of Sequences	Listing the Files in a Folder (ListDir) Listing the Files in a Folder (ListDir) Listing the Files in a Folder using Glob Listing the Files in a Folder using Glob Dividing Text into Lists of Words or Phrases Dividing Text into Lists of Words or Phrases A Tuple Listing Built-In Module Names A Tuple Listing Built-In Module Names Scraping Websites for Links Scraping Websites for Links	78

Chapter 10 - SEQUENCES▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
10.1	Introduction to Sequences	Main Types of Sequences in Python Main Types of Sequences in Python Reminder of Iterating Over Sequences Reminder of Iterating Over Sequences	67
10.1	Introduction to Sequences	Main Types of Sequences in Python Main Types of Sequences in Python Reminder of Iterating Over Sequences Reminder of Iterating Over Sequences	67
10.2	Tuples versus Lists	Mutability (Lists versus Tuples) Mutability (Lists versus Tuples)	68
10.2	Tuples versus Lists	Mutability (Lists versus Tuples) Mutability (Lists versus Tuples)	68
10.3	Slicing Sequences	Examples of Slicing for Lists Examples of Slicing for Lists Examples of Slicing for Ranges Examples of Slicing for Ranges Examples of Slicing for Strings Examples of Slicing for Strings Missing Items when Slicing (Step Values) Missing Items when Slicing (Step Values)	69
10.3	Slicing Sequences	Examples of Slicing for Lists Examples of Slicing for Lists Examples of Slicing for Ranges Examples of Slicing for Ranges Examples of Slicing for Strings Examples of Slicing for Strings Missing Items when Slicing (Step Values) Missing Items when Slicing (Step Values)	69
10.4	Joining and Splitting Sequences	Joining Sequences Together Joining Sequences Together Concatenating Sequence Members Concatenating Sequence Members Splitting Strings to Generate Sequences Splitting Strings to Generate Sequences Splitting a String into Before and After Text Splitting a String into Before and After Text	72
10.4	Joining and Splitting Sequences	Joining Sequences Together Joining Sequences Together Concatenating Sequence Members Concatenating Sequence Members Splitting Strings to Generate Sequences Splitting Strings to Generate Sequences Splitting a String into Before and After Text Splitting a String into Before and After Text	72
10.5	Unpacking Sequences		74
10.5	Unpacking Sequences		74
10.6	Working with Sequences	Getting the Length of a Sequence Getting the Length of a Sequence Getting the Number of Items of a Specific Value Getting the Number of Items of a Specific Value Aggregating a Sequence’s Items Aggregating a Sequence’s Items Getting the Index Number of an Item Getting the Index Number of an Item Returning Sequence Index Numbers and Values Returning Sequence Index Numbers and Values Mixing Data Types Mixing Data Types	75
10.6	Working with Sequences	Getting the Length of a Sequence Getting the Length of a Sequence Getting the Number of Items of a Specific Value Getting the Number of Items of a Specific Value Aggregating a Sequence’s Items Aggregating a Sequence’s Items Getting the Index Number of an Item Getting the Index Number of an Item Returning Sequence Index Numbers and Values Returning Sequence Index Numbers and Values Mixing Data Types Mixing Data Types	75
10.7	Examples of Sequences	Listing the Files in a Folder (ListDir) Listing the Files in a Folder (ListDir) Listing the Files in a Folder using Glob Listing the Files in a Folder using Glob Dividing Text into Lists of Words or Phrases Dividing Text into Lists of Words or Phrases A Tuple Listing Built-In Module Names A Tuple Listing Built-In Module Names Scraping Websites for Links Scraping Websites for Links	78
10.7	Examples of Sequences	Listing the Files in a Folder (ListDir) Listing the Files in a Folder (ListDir) Listing the Files in a Folder using Glob Listing the Files in a Folder using Glob Dividing Text into Lists of Words or Phrases Dividing Text into Lists of Words or Phrases A Tuple Listing Built-In Module Names A Tuple Listing Built-In Module Names Scraping Websites for Links Scraping Websites for Links	78

Chapter 11 - MANIPULATING LISTS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
11.1	Adding and Removing Items	Inserting Items Inserting Items Appending to and Extending Lists Appending to and Extending Lists Removing Items from Lists by Value Removing Items from Lists by Value Popping Items from a List by Position Popping Items from a List by Position Clearing the Contents of Lists Clearing the Contents of Lists	81
11.1	Adding and Removing Items	Inserting Items Inserting Items Appending to and Extending Lists Appending to and Extending Lists Removing Items from Lists by Value Removing Items from Lists by Value Popping Items from a List by Position Popping Items from a List by Position Clearing the Contents of Lists Clearing the Contents of Lists	81
11.2	Changing the Order of Lists	Sorting Lists Sorting Lists Reversing Lists Reversing Lists	84
11.2	Changing the Order of Lists	Sorting Lists Sorting Lists Reversing Lists Reversing Lists	84
11.3	Shallow and Deep Copying of Lists	Assigning is not Copying Assigning is not Copying Shallow Copying Shallow Copying Deep Copying Deep Copying	85
11.3	Shallow and Deep Copying of Lists	Assigning is not Copying Assigning is not Copying Shallow Copying Shallow Copying Deep Copying Deep Copying	85

Chapter 11 - MANIPULATING LISTS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
11.1	Adding and Removing Items	Inserting Items Inserting Items Appending to and Extending Lists Appending to and Extending Lists Removing Items from Lists by Value Removing Items from Lists by Value Popping Items from a List by Position Popping Items from a List by Position Clearing the Contents of Lists Clearing the Contents of Lists	81
11.1	Adding and Removing Items	Inserting Items Inserting Items Appending to and Extending Lists Appending to and Extending Lists Removing Items from Lists by Value Removing Items from Lists by Value Popping Items from a List by Position Popping Items from a List by Position Clearing the Contents of Lists Clearing the Contents of Lists	81
11.2	Changing the Order of Lists	Sorting Lists Sorting Lists Reversing Lists Reversing Lists	84
11.2	Changing the Order of Lists	Sorting Lists Sorting Lists Reversing Lists Reversing Lists	84
11.3	Shallow and Deep Copying of Lists	Assigning is not Copying Assigning is not Copying Shallow Copying Shallow Copying Deep Copying Deep Copying	85
11.3	Shallow and Deep Copying of Lists	Assigning is not Copying Assigning is not Copying Shallow Copying Shallow Copying Deep Copying Deep Copying	85

Chapter 12 - COMPREHENSIONS AND GENERATORS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
12.1	Comprehensions	Basic Comprehensions Basic Comprehensions Comprehensions with Conditions Comprehensions with Conditions Multiple Loops within Comprehensions Multiple Loops within Comprehensions	87
12.1	Comprehensions	Basic Comprehensions Basic Comprehensions Comprehensions with Conditions Comprehensions with Conditions Multiple Loops within Comprehensions Multiple Loops within Comprehensions	87
12.2	Generators	Disadvantages of Generators Disadvantages of Generators	89
12.2	Generators	Disadvantages of Generators Disadvantages of Generators	89

Chapter 12 - COMPREHENSIONS AND GENERATORS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
12.1	Comprehensions	Basic Comprehensions Basic Comprehensions Comprehensions with Conditions Comprehensions with Conditions Multiple Loops within Comprehensions Multiple Loops within Comprehensions	87
12.1	Comprehensions	Basic Comprehensions Basic Comprehensions Comprehensions with Conditions Comprehensions with Conditions Multiple Loops within Comprehensions Multiple Loops within Comprehensions	87
12.2	Generators	Disadvantages of Generators Disadvantages of Generators	89
12.2	Generators	Disadvantages of Generators Disadvantages of Generators	89

Chapter 13 - FILES AND FOLDERS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
13.1	Writing to Text Files		90
13.1	Writing to Text Files		90
13.2	Using With to Close Files Automatically		91
13.2	Using With to Close Files Automatically		91
13.3	Reading Files	Checking if Files and Folders Exist Checking if Files and Folders Exist Reading Line by Line or Reading Characters Reading Line by Line or Reading Characters Reading All the Lines in a File using Readlines Reading All the Lines in a File using Readlines Reading All the Lines in a File by Looping Reading All the Lines in a File by Looping	92
13.3	Reading Files	Checking if Files and Folders Exist Checking if Files and Folders Exist Reading Line by Line or Reading Characters Reading Line by Line or Reading Characters Reading All the Lines in a File using Readlines Reading All the Lines in a File using Readlines Reading All the Lines in a File by Looping Reading All the Lines in a File by Looping	92
13.4	Looping Over Files	Looping Over Files in a Folder Looping Over Files in a Folder Processing Files in a Folder Processing Files in a Folder Looping Recursively Looping Recursively	94
13.4	Looping Over Files	Looping Over Files in a Folder Looping Over Files in a Folder Processing Files in a Folder Processing Files in a Folder Looping Recursively Looping Recursively	94

Chapter 13 - FILES AND FOLDERS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
13.1	Writing to Text Files		90
13.1	Writing to Text Files		90
13.2	Using With to Close Files Automatically		91
13.2	Using With to Close Files Automatically		91
13.3	Reading Files	Checking if Files and Folders Exist Checking if Files and Folders Exist Reading Line by Line or Reading Characters Reading Line by Line or Reading Characters Reading All the Lines in a File using Readlines Reading All the Lines in a File using Readlines Reading All the Lines in a File by Looping Reading All the Lines in a File by Looping	92
13.3	Reading Files	Checking if Files and Folders Exist Checking if Files and Folders Exist Reading Line by Line or Reading Characters Reading Line by Line or Reading Characters Reading All the Lines in a File using Readlines Reading All the Lines in a File using Readlines Reading All the Lines in a File by Looping Reading All the Lines in a File by Looping	92
13.4	Looping Over Files	Looping Over Files in a Folder Looping Over Files in a Folder Processing Files in a Folder Processing Files in a Folder Looping Recursively Looping Recursively	94
13.4	Looping Over Files	Looping Over Files in a Folder Looping Over Files in a Folder Processing Files in a Folder Processing Files in a Folder Looping Recursively Looping Recursively	94

Chapter 14 - ERROR-HANDLING▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
14.1	Trapping for Errors	Error Types Error Types Trapping General Errors Trapping General Errors Trapping Specific Errors Trapping Specific Errors The Full Range of Commands The Full Range of Commands	96
14.1	Trapping for Errors	Error Types Error Types Trapping General Errors Trapping General Errors Trapping Specific Errors Trapping Specific Errors The Full Range of Commands The Full Range of Commands	96
14.2	Raising Exceptions		98
14.2	Raising Exceptions		98

Chapter 14 - ERROR-HANDLING▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
14.1	Trapping for Errors	Error Types Error Types Trapping General Errors Trapping General Errors Trapping Specific Errors Trapping Specific Errors The Full Range of Commands The Full Range of Commands	96
14.1	Trapping for Errors	Error Types Error Types Trapping General Errors Trapping General Errors Trapping Specific Errors Trapping Specific Errors The Full Range of Commands The Full Range of Commands	96
14.2	Raising Exceptions		98
14.2	Raising Exceptions		98

Chapter 15 - NUMBERS, STRINGS AND DATES▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
15.1	Overview		99
15.1	Overview		99
15.2	Working with Numbers	Mathematical Operators Mathematical Operators Built-in Numerical Functions Built-in Numerical Functions Math Functions Math Functions	100
15.2	Working with Numbers	Mathematical Operators Mathematical Operators Built-in Numerical Functions Built-in Numerical Functions Math Functions Math Functions	100
15.3	Working with Boolean Values	Boolean Operators Boolean Operators All and Any All and Any	102
15.3	Working with Boolean Values	Boolean Operators Boolean Operators All and Any All and Any	102
15.4	Working with Dates (and Times)	Getting Dates (and Times) Getting Dates (and Times) Formatting Dates Formatting Dates Formatting Times Formatting Times Displaying Calendar Months Displaying Calendar Months Displaying Day and Month Names Displaying Day and Month Names	103
15.4	Working with Dates (and Times)	Getting Dates (and Times) Getting Dates (and Times) Formatting Dates Formatting Dates Formatting Times Formatting Times Displaying Calendar Months Displaying Calendar Months Displaying Day and Month Names Displaying Day and Month Names	103
15.5	Working with Strings	Escape Characters Escape Characters Avoiding Escape Characters Avoiding Escape Characters Joining and Splitting Text Joining and Splitting Text Repeating Text Repeating Text Extracting Text (Slicing) Extracting Text (Slicing) Counting and Length Counting and Length Changing Case Changing Case Padding Padding Removing and Replacing Text Removing and Replacing Text Translating Text Translating Text Finding Text Finding Text Checking Text Content Checking Text Content	106
15.5	Working with Strings	Escape Characters Escape Characters Avoiding Escape Characters Avoiding Escape Characters Joining and Splitting Text Joining and Splitting Text Repeating Text Repeating Text Extracting Text (Slicing) Extracting Text (Slicing) Counting and Length Counting and Length Changing Case Changing Case Padding Padding Removing and Replacing Text Removing and Replacing Text Translating Text Translating Text Finding Text Finding Text Checking Text Content Checking Text Content	106

Chapter 15 - NUMBERS, STRINGS AND DATES▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
15.1	Overview		99
15.1	Overview		99
15.2	Working with Numbers	Mathematical Operators Mathematical Operators Built-in Numerical Functions Built-in Numerical Functions Math Functions Math Functions	100
15.2	Working with Numbers	Mathematical Operators Mathematical Operators Built-in Numerical Functions Built-in Numerical Functions Math Functions Math Functions	100
15.3	Working with Boolean Values	Boolean Operators Boolean Operators All and Any All and Any	102
15.3	Working with Boolean Values	Boolean Operators Boolean Operators All and Any All and Any	102
15.4	Working with Dates (and Times)	Getting Dates (and Times) Getting Dates (and Times) Formatting Dates Formatting Dates Formatting Times Formatting Times Displaying Calendar Months Displaying Calendar Months Displaying Day and Month Names Displaying Day and Month Names	103
15.4	Working with Dates (and Times)	Getting Dates (and Times) Getting Dates (and Times) Formatting Dates Formatting Dates Formatting Times Formatting Times Displaying Calendar Months Displaying Calendar Months Displaying Day and Month Names Displaying Day and Month Names	103
15.5	Working with Strings	Escape Characters Escape Characters Avoiding Escape Characters Avoiding Escape Characters Joining and Splitting Text Joining and Splitting Text Repeating Text Repeating Text Extracting Text (Slicing) Extracting Text (Slicing) Counting and Length Counting and Length Changing Case Changing Case Padding Padding Removing and Replacing Text Removing and Replacing Text Translating Text Translating Text Finding Text Finding Text Checking Text Content Checking Text Content	106
15.5	Working with Strings	Escape Characters Escape Characters Avoiding Escape Characters Avoiding Escape Characters Joining and Splitting Text Joining and Splitting Text Repeating Text Repeating Text Extracting Text (Slicing) Extracting Text (Slicing) Counting and Length Counting and Length Changing Case Changing Case Padding Padding Removing and Replacing Text Removing and Replacing Text Translating Text Translating Text Finding Text Finding Text Checking Text Content Checking Text Content	106

Chapter 16 - SETS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
16.1	Some Set Concepts		112
16.1	Some Set Concepts		112
16.2	Working with Sets	Creating Sets Creating Sets Set Operations Set Operations	113
16.2	Working with Sets	Creating Sets Creating Sets Set Operations Set Operations	113
16.3	Converting between Sets and Lists	Converting Sets to Lists Converting Sets to Lists Converting Lists to Sets Converting Lists to Sets	114
16.3	Converting between Sets and Lists	Converting Sets to Lists Converting Sets to Lists Converting Lists to Sets Converting Lists to Sets	114
16.4	Examples of the Use of Sets	Counting Unique Letters or Words Counting Unique Letters or Words Finding the Differences between Lists Finding the Differences between Lists	116
16.4	Examples of the Use of Sets	Counting Unique Letters or Words Counting Unique Letters or Words Finding the Differences between Lists Finding the Differences between Lists	116

Chapter 16 - SETS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
16.1	Some Set Concepts		112
16.1	Some Set Concepts		112
16.2	Working with Sets	Creating Sets Creating Sets Set Operations Set Operations	113
16.2	Working with Sets	Creating Sets Creating Sets Set Operations Set Operations	113
16.3	Converting between Sets and Lists	Converting Sets to Lists Converting Sets to Lists Converting Lists to Sets Converting Lists to Sets	114
16.3	Converting between Sets and Lists	Converting Sets to Lists Converting Sets to Lists Converting Lists to Sets Converting Lists to Sets	114
16.4	Examples of the Use of Sets	Counting Unique Letters or Words Counting Unique Letters or Words Finding the Differences between Lists Finding the Differences between Lists	116
16.4	Examples of the Use of Sets	Counting Unique Letters or Words Counting Unique Letters or Words Finding the Differences between Lists Finding the Differences between Lists	116

Chapter 17 - DICTIONARIES▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
17.1	Creating Dictionaries	What is a Dictionary? What is a Dictionary? Creating Dictionaries Creating Dictionaries	118
17.1	Creating Dictionaries	What is a Dictionary? What is a Dictionary? Creating Dictionaries Creating Dictionaries	118
17.2	Using Dictionaries	Looking Up Items Looking Up Items Looping Over Dictionary Items Looping Over Dictionary Items Adding. Editing and Deleting Items Adding. Editing and Deleting Items Sorting Dictionaries Sorting Dictionaries	119
17.2	Using Dictionaries	Looking Up Items Looking Up Items Looping Over Dictionary Items Looping Over Dictionary Items Adding. Editing and Deleting Items Adding. Editing and Deleting Items Sorting Dictionaries Sorting Dictionaries	119

Chapter 17 - DICTIONARIES▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
17.1	Creating Dictionaries	What is a Dictionary? What is a Dictionary? Creating Dictionaries Creating Dictionaries	118
17.1	Creating Dictionaries	What is a Dictionary? What is a Dictionary? Creating Dictionaries Creating Dictionaries	118
17.2	Using Dictionaries	Looking Up Items Looking Up Items Looping Over Dictionary Items Looping Over Dictionary Items Adding. Editing and Deleting Items Adding. Editing and Deleting Items Sorting Dictionaries Sorting Dictionaries	119
17.2	Using Dictionaries	Looking Up Items Looking Up Items Looping Over Dictionary Items Looping Over Dictionary Items Adding. Editing and Deleting Items Adding. Editing and Deleting Items Sorting Dictionaries Sorting Dictionaries	119

Chapter 18 - WRITING FUNCTIONS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
18.1	The Need for Functions	Advantages of Using Functions Advantages of Using Functions	121
18.1	The Need for Functions	Advantages of Using Functions Advantages of Using Functions	121
18.2	Writing a Function	Step 1 – Identifying the Input Arguments Step 1 – Identifying the Input Arguments Step 2 – Specifying the Output Data Type Step 2 – Specifying the Output Data Type Step 3 – Reviewing the Syntax Required Step 3 – Reviewing the Syntax Required Step 4 – Writing your Functions Step 4 – Writing your Functions	122
18.2	Writing a Function	Step 1 – Identifying the Input Arguments Step 1 – Identifying the Input Arguments Step 2 – Specifying the Output Data Type Step 2 – Specifying the Output Data Type Step 3 – Reviewing the Syntax Required Step 3 – Reviewing the Syntax Required Step 4 – Writing your Functions Step 4 – Writing your Functions	122
18.3	Learning Points	Variable Names are Isolated Variable Names are Isolated Arguments can have Different Names Arguments can have Different Names Functions can be Declared in any Order Functions can be Declared in any Order Your Function could Crash in Many Ways Your Function could Crash in Many Ways Data Types are for Guidance Only Data Types are for Guidance Only	124
18.3	Learning Points	Variable Names are Isolated Variable Names are Isolated Arguments can have Different Names Arguments can have Different Names Functions can be Declared in any Order Functions can be Declared in any Order Your Function could Crash in Many Ways Your Function could Crash in Many Ways Data Types are for Guidance Only Data Types are for Guidance Only	124
18.4	Ways to Pass Arguments	Arguments by Name or Position Arguments by Name or Position Forcing Positional or Named Arguments Forcing Positional or Named Arguments Optional Arguments Optional Arguments	127
18.4	Ways to Pass Arguments	Arguments by Name or Position Arguments by Name or Position Forcing Positional or Named Arguments Forcing Positional or Named Arguments Optional Arguments Optional Arguments	127
18.5	Arbitrary and Keyword Arguments	Passing an Unknown Number of Argument Values Passing an Unknown Number of Argument Values Passing an Arbitrary Set of Arguments Passing an Arbitrary Set of Arguments	129
18.5	Arbitrary and Keyword Arguments	Passing an Unknown Number of Argument Values Passing an Unknown Number of Argument Values Passing an Arbitrary Set of Arguments Passing an Arbitrary Set of Arguments	129
18.6	Using Modules for Functions		131
18.6	Using Modules for Functions		131
18.7	Modular Programming		132
18.7	Modular Programming		132
18.8	Docstrings		133
18.8	Docstrings		133

Chapter 18 - WRITING FUNCTIONS▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
18.1	The Need for Functions	Advantages of Using Functions Advantages of Using Functions	121
18.1	The Need for Functions	Advantages of Using Functions Advantages of Using Functions	121
18.2	Writing a Function	Step 1 – Identifying the Input Arguments Step 1 – Identifying the Input Arguments Step 2 – Specifying the Output Data Type Step 2 – Specifying the Output Data Type Step 3 – Reviewing the Syntax Required Step 3 – Reviewing the Syntax Required Step 4 – Writing your Functions Step 4 – Writing your Functions	122
18.2	Writing a Function	Step 1 – Identifying the Input Arguments Step 1 – Identifying the Input Arguments Step 2 – Specifying the Output Data Type Step 2 – Specifying the Output Data Type Step 3 – Reviewing the Syntax Required Step 3 – Reviewing the Syntax Required Step 4 – Writing your Functions Step 4 – Writing your Functions	122
18.3	Learning Points	Variable Names are Isolated Variable Names are Isolated Arguments can have Different Names Arguments can have Different Names Functions can be Declared in any Order Functions can be Declared in any Order Your Function could Crash in Many Ways Your Function could Crash in Many Ways Data Types are for Guidance Only Data Types are for Guidance Only	124
18.3	Learning Points	Variable Names are Isolated Variable Names are Isolated Arguments can have Different Names Arguments can have Different Names Functions can be Declared in any Order Functions can be Declared in any Order Your Function could Crash in Many Ways Your Function could Crash in Many Ways Data Types are for Guidance Only Data Types are for Guidance Only	124
18.4	Ways to Pass Arguments	Arguments by Name or Position Arguments by Name or Position Forcing Positional or Named Arguments Forcing Positional or Named Arguments Optional Arguments Optional Arguments	127
18.4	Ways to Pass Arguments	Arguments by Name or Position Arguments by Name or Position Forcing Positional or Named Arguments Forcing Positional or Named Arguments Optional Arguments Optional Arguments	127
18.5	Arbitrary and Keyword Arguments	Passing an Unknown Number of Argument Values Passing an Unknown Number of Argument Values Passing an Arbitrary Set of Arguments Passing an Arbitrary Set of Arguments	129
18.5	Arbitrary and Keyword Arguments	Passing an Unknown Number of Argument Values Passing an Unknown Number of Argument Values Passing an Arbitrary Set of Arguments Passing an Arbitrary Set of Arguments	129
18.6	Using Modules for Functions		131
18.6	Using Modules for Functions		131
18.7	Modular Programming		132
18.7	Modular Programming		132
18.8	Docstrings		133
18.8	Docstrings		133

Chapter 19 - WORKING WITH EXCEL▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
19.1	Getting Started with Openpyxl	Installing Openpyxl Installing Openpyxl Getting Help with OpenPyXl Getting Help with OpenPyXl	134
19.1	Getting Started with Openpyxl	Installing Openpyxl Installing Openpyxl Getting Help with OpenPyXl Getting Help with OpenPyXl	134
19.2	Working with Workbooks	Creating and Saving Workbooks Creating and Saving Workbooks Opening and Closing Workbooks Opening and Closing Workbooks	135
19.2	Working with Workbooks	Creating and Saving Workbooks Creating and Saving Workbooks Opening and Closing Workbooks Opening and Closing Workbooks	135
19.3	Working with Worksheets	Inserting Worksheets Inserting Worksheets Our Example Workbook Our Example Workbook Getting a List of Worksheet Names Getting a List of Worksheet Names Getting a Worksheet Itself Getting a Worksheet Itself Getting and Setting the Active Worksheet Getting and Setting the Active Worksheet A Worked Example A Worked Example Looping over Worksheets Looping over Worksheets	136
19.3	Working with Worksheets	Inserting Worksheets Inserting Worksheets Our Example Workbook Our Example Workbook Getting a List of Worksheet Names Getting a List of Worksheet Names Getting a Worksheet Itself Getting a Worksheet Itself Getting and Setting the Active Worksheet Getting and Setting the Active Worksheet A Worked Example A Worked Example Looping over Worksheets Looping over Worksheets	136
19.4	Working with Cells	Referring to Single Cells Referring to Single Cells Useful Cell Properties Useful Cell Properties	139
19.4	Working with Cells	Referring to Single Cells Referring to Single Cells Useful Cell Properties Useful Cell Properties	139
19.5	Looping over Cells	Looping over Row and/or Column Numbers Looping over Row and/or Column Numbers Offsetting Cells Offsetting Cells	140
19.5	Looping over Cells	Looping over Row and/or Column Numbers Looping over Row and/or Column Numbers Offsetting Cells Offsetting Cells	140

Chapter 19 - WORKING WITH EXCEL▼

Section	Title	Subsections	Page
19.1	Getting Started with Openpyxl	Installing Openpyxl Installing Openpyxl Getting Help with OpenPyXl Getting Help with OpenPyXl	134
19.1	Getting Started with Openpyxl	Installing Openpyxl Installing Openpyxl Getting Help with OpenPyXl Getting Help with OpenPyXl	134
19.2	Working with Workbooks	Creating and Saving Workbooks Creating and Saving Workbooks Opening and Closing Workbooks Opening and Closing Workbooks	135
19.2	Working with Workbooks	Creating and Saving Workbooks Creating and Saving Workbooks Opening and Closing Workbooks Opening and Closing Workbooks	135
19.3	Working with Worksheets	Inserting Worksheets Inserting Worksheets Our Example Workbook Our Example Workbook Getting a List of Worksheet Names Getting a List of Worksheet Names Getting a Worksheet Itself Getting a Worksheet Itself Getting and Setting the Active Worksheet Getting and Setting the Active Worksheet A Worked Example A Worked Example Looping over Worksheets Looping over Worksheets	136
19.3	Working with Worksheets	Inserting Worksheets Inserting Worksheets Our Example Workbook Our Example Workbook Getting a List of Worksheet Names Getting a List of Worksheet Names Getting a Worksheet Itself Getting a Worksheet Itself Getting and Setting the Active Worksheet Getting and Setting the Active Worksheet A Worked Example A Worked Example Looping over Worksheets Looping over Worksheets	136
19.4	Working with Cells	Referring to Single Cells Referring to Single Cells Useful Cell Properties Useful Cell Properties	139
19.4	Working with Cells	Referring to Single Cells Referring to Single Cells Useful Cell Properties Useful Cell Properties	139
19.5	Looping over Cells	Looping over Row and/or Column Numbers Looping over Row and/or Column Numbers Offsetting Cells Offsetting Cells	140
19.5	Looping over Cells	Looping over Row and/or Column Numbers Looping over Row and/or Column Numbers Offsetting Cells Offsetting Cells	140

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